Policy steps that could restore global investment and revive one of the world’s largest
petroleum sectors

Caracas / Houston / London — Venezuela possesses the largest proven oil reserves in the world, yet
decades of political turmoil, economic mismanagement, and deteriorating infrastructure have driven
international investors away from what was once one of the most important petroleum sectors in the
Western Hemisphere.
Industry analysts and policy advisors increasingly argue that Venezuela could again become a major
destination for global energy investment — but only if a series of political, institutional, and commercial
reforms are implemented in a credible and transparent manner.
The pathway back to investment is not simply technical. It requires political stabilization, a clear electoral
timeline, and a comprehensive framework for reopening the oil sector to international capital and
expertise.
Restoring Political Stability
The first prerequisite for rebuilding investor confidence is the restoration of political stability and security.
International oil companies will not commit billions of dollars in long‑term capital without confidence that
the country’s political environment is predictable and that personnel and assets are secure.
Analysts widely note that controversial security figures associated with repression, detentions, and
political intimidation represent a major obstacle to rebuilding international trust. Any credible transition
would likely require a restructuring of the security apparatus and a visible commitment to human rights
and rule‑of‑law norms.
Another key issue is the presence of armed non‑state actors operating within Venezuelan territory. One
of the most prominent groups is the National Liberation Army (ELN), a Colombian guerrilla organization
reported to operate in Venezuela’s Catatumbo region.
Regional security experts argue that the removal of irregular armed groups from Venezuelan territory
would be an essential signal to the international community that the country is returning to normal
governance standards.
Equally important is the position of the Venezuelan military. A successful political transition would depend
heavily on whether the armed forces support a process leading to democratic normalization and
economic reopening.
A Timeline for Democratic Elections
Investors also closely monitor political legitimacy. A transitional government would likely need to
establish a clear timeline for new national elections, including both the presidency and the National
Assembly. Many observers suggest that a six‑to‑nine‑month timeframe would provide sufficient time to
organize credible elections while maintaining political momentum.

An important element of such elections would be enabling millions of Venezuelans living abroad to
participate. Developing mechanisms for voter registration and overseas voting could significantly
strengthen the legitimacy of the process.
Reopening the Petroleum Sector
Legislative action by a newly elected or transitional National Assembly would be another critical step.
Energy analysts frequently point to Venezuela’s 1996 “Apertura Petrolera” — the country’s historic
opening of its oil sector to foreign investment — as a useful model. That framework allowed international
companies to partner with Venezuela in developing large oil projects under negotiated contractual
structures.
Contracts developed during that period, including agreements that enabled exploration successes such as
the Corocoro discovery in the Gulf of Paria, remain widely studied as examples of workable international
partnerships. A new legislative framework could again authorize petroleum bidding rounds, offering
investors access to:
• Former producing light and heavy oil fields suitable for redevelopment
• Undeveloped discoveries requiring capital and advanced technology
• Exploration acreage adjacent to known fields that could offer additional upside
Pipeline transportation agreements could also be offered to ensure that redeveloped fields have reliable
access to export infrastructure.
Rebuilding Technical Capacity
Another major barrier to revitalizing Venezuela’s oil sector is the deterioration of its technical and
operational capacity. International service companies such as Halliburton, Schlumberger, and Baker
Hughes historically played a central role in drilling, reservoir management, and oilfield services across
Venezuela. Reestablishing their presence would likely be essential for rebuilding production capacity.
Some analysts suggest that the United States government could accelerate this process by offering
financial incentives or low‑interest financing for companies that help restart Venezuelan oil production
under internationally supervised frameworks.
Launching Global Petroleum Bid Rounds
A transparent international bidding process would likely be required to attract large‑scale investment
Such a process could be organized by Venezuela’s Ministry of Energy and the state oil company PDVSA
with assistance from a major international petroleum consulting firm. The government could present the
opportunities through roadshow events in major energy capitals such as Houston, London, and Singapore.
Some experts have proposed that consortium structures participating in these bids include at least one
U.S. partner holding a meaningful minority stake, potentially around 25 percent. Such arrangements could
help align international commercial interests and reinforce investor confidence.
Data Transparency and Field Inspections

Before committing capital, oil companies would almost certainly conduct extensive technical evaluations.
Corporate teams typically visit field sites to assess infrastructure, reservoir conditions, and security risks.
The Corocoro field, for example, which halted production around 2019 despite significant oil and gas
reserves, is often cited as a potential redevelopment candidate.
Site visits normally involve multidisciplinary teams including drilling engineers, geologists, geophysicists,
pipeline specialists, reservoir engineers, and security professionals.
To facilitate this process, PDVSA would need to assemble comprehensive “data rooms” — secure digital
environments where companies can review geological data, production histories, and reservoir models.
International service companies and consultancies could assist in upgrading these facilities to world‑class
standards.
Security Assessments and Diplomatic Coordination
Corporate security assessments are also a routine part of investment decisions. Energy companies
typically consult with local security providers, government officials, and diplomatic personnel when
evaluating potential projects. U.S. embassy security officers and regional defense attachés often play an
advisory role in helping companies assess the operational environment.
Rebuilding a Professional Industry Presence. Companies interested in entering the Venezuelan market
would likely begin by establishing small operational teams within the country.
These initial offices typically include a country manager, local administrative staff, and logistics personnel
responsible for coordinating site visits and managing security arrangements.
Industry observers also suggest that companies operating in Venezuela could benefit from forming a
professional association similar to Mexico’s AMEXHI — the Mexican Association of Hydrocarbon
Companies — which was created when Mexico opened its energy sector to international investors in
2015.
Such an association can help companies coordinate dialogue with government authorities and advocate
collectively for stable contractual frameworks.
A Long Road Back
Reviving Venezuela’s petroleum sector would be neither simple nor immediate.
Years of underinvestment have left infrastructure degraded and production capacity severely diminished.
Yet the country’s vast reserves mean that, under the right political and economic conditions, Venezuela
could again become one of the most significant oil producers in the world.
For international investors, the key question will be whether political reforms, security improvements,
and credible economic policies can be implemented in a way that restores trust in the Venezuelan energy
sector.
If those conditions emerge, the country’s oil industry could once again attract the global capital and
technical expertise required to unlock its enormous potential.